B1 LEVEL ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1. Tenses Overview

• Present Simple: "She works every day." (habits, routines)

• Present Continuous: "She is working now." (action happening now)

• Past Simple: "She worked yesterday." (completed past action)

• Past Continuous: "She was working when I called." (interrupted action in the past)

• Present Perfect Simple: "She has worked here for two years." (experience, result, unfinished time)

• Present Perfect Continuous: "She has been working here since morning." (focus on duration)

• Past Perfect Simple: "She had worked before the meeting." (action completed before another past action)

• Past Perfect Continuous: "She had been working for an hour when I arrived." (past action in progress before another event)

• Future Simple (Will): "She will work tomorrow." (prediction, spontaneous decision)

• Future Continuous: "She will be working at 8 pm." (future action in progress)

• Future Perfect: "She will have finished by then." (completed before a future moment)

• Future Perfect Continuous: "She will have been working for three hours by the time you arrive." (duration up to a future point)

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2. Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

• Present Perfect Simple: Focus on result → "I have written the report."

• Present Perfect Continuous: Focus on duration → "I have been writing the report all day."

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3. Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

• Past Simple: "I saw the movie last week." (specific time in the past)

• Present Perfect: "I have seen the movie." (experience, no specific time mentioned)

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4. Future Forms

• Will → spontaneous decisions, promises: "I will help you."

• Going to → plans, intentions: "I am going to travel next month."

• Present Continuous → fixed arrangements: "I am meeting her at 7 pm."

• Future Continuous → ongoing future actions: "I will be studying at 5 pm."

• Future Perfect → completed actions before a future moment: "I will have finished my work by 6 pm."

• Future Perfect Continuous → duration until a future moment: "By next month, I will have been working here for two years."

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5. Conditionals

• Zero Conditional: "If you heat water, it boils." (general truths)

• First Conditional: "If it rains, I will stay home." (real possibilities)

• Second Conditional: "If I won the lottery, I would travel the world." (hypothetical situations)

• Third Conditional: "If I had known, I would have called you." (past hypotheticals)

• Mixed Conditionals: "If I had studied harder, I would be successful now." (different times combined)

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6. Modal Verbs

• Ability: "I can swim." / "She could speak Spanish."

• Possibility: "It may rain tomorrow." / "She might be at home."

• Permission: "You may leave early." / "Can I go out?"

• Obligation: "You must wear a seatbelt." / "You have to finish the report."

• Advice: "You should see a doctor." / "You ought to be careful."

• Prohibition: "You mustn’t smoke here."

• Lack of necessity: "You don’t have to come if you’re busy."

• Deduction: "He must be the manager." / "She can’t be at work."

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7. Passive Voice

• Present Simple: "The letter is written."

• Past Simple: "The letter was written."

• Present Continuous: "The letter is being written."

• Past Continuous: "The letter was being written."

• Present Perfect: "The letter has been written."

• Past Perfect: "The letter had been written."

• Modals: "The letter must be written."

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8. Reported Speech

• Statements: "He said (that) he was tired."

• Questions: "She asked if I was coming."

• Commands: "He told me to sit down."

• Reporting Verbs: advise, suggest, recommend → "He advised me to take the train."

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9. Relative Clauses

• Defining: "The man who is sitting there is my uncle."

• Non-defining: "My uncle, who is a doctor, lives in London."

• Omission: "The book (that) I read was interesting."

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10. Quantifiers

• some, any, much, many, a lot of, plenty of, a few, a little, few, little

• Example: "There are many people here." / "I have a few friends."

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11. Gerunds and Infinitives

• Gerunds: "I enjoy swimming."

• Infinitives: "I want to swim."

• Both: "I started to swim." / "I started swimming."

• After prepositions: "I am good at swimming."

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12. Phrasal Verbs

• Common ones: give up, take off, put on, look after

• Example: "I gave up smoking." / "She looks after her brother."

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13. Articles

• Definite (the): "the sun," "the best"

• Indefinite (a/an): "a car," "an apple"

• Zero Article: "Love is important."

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14. Adjectives and Adverbs

• Order: "a small round wooden table."

• Comparatives & Superlatives: "more interesting," "the most interesting."

• Adverbs of Degree: "quite, very, too, enough" → "She is quite happy."

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15. Expressing Preferences, Hopes, and Desires

• "I would like to visit Paris."

• "I hope to see you soon."

• "I wish I had more time."

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16. Expressions of Quantity

• "There are a lot of people."

• "I need a little help."

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17. Question Tags

• Positive + negative: "You’re coming, aren’t you?"

• Negative + positive: "You don’t like it, do you?"

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18. Causative Form

• Structure: Have/Get + object + past participle

• Example: "I had my hair cut."

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19. Linking Words

• Reason: because, since, as

• Contrast: but, although, however

• Result: so, therefore

• Purpose: to, in order to, so as to

• Addition: and, also, as well as

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20. Intensifiers

• very, really, extremely, quite

• Example: "She is really happy."

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21. Indirect Questions

• Example: "Could you tell me where the station is?"

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22. Collocations

• "make a decision," "take a break," "have a shower."

• Example: "I need to make a decision."

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23. Obligation and Necessity

• Must → strong obligation: "You must wear a seatbelt."

• Have to → necessity: "I have to go now."

• Should/Ought to → advice: "You should eat more fruit."

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24. Relative Pronouns and Clauses

• who, whom, whose, which, that

• Example: "The person who called was my friend."

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25. Narrative Tenses

• Past Simple: "I woke up." (main events)

• Past Continuous: "It was raining." (background)

• Past Perfect: "I had eaten breakfast before I left." (earlier action)

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✅ Extra Suggestion to Add at B1:

• So / Such for emphasis:
  "It was so hot." / "It was such a hot day."

• Used to (past habits): "I used to play football every weekend."

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This list includes the comprehensive grammar points for B1 level English, providing learners with a deeper understanding and more complex use of the language.