1. Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
Present Simple (habits, routines, facts): I usually go to school.
Present Continuous (actions happening now): I am going to school now.
👉 Difference: Present Simple = habits / Present Continuous = actions happening at this moment
Present Simple (habits, routines, facts): I usually go to school.
Present Continuous (actions happening now): I am going to school now.
👉 Difference: Present Simple = habits / Present Continuous = actions happening at this moment
2. Past Simple vs. Past Continuous
Past Simple (completed actions): I went to the park yesterday.
Past Continuous (ongoing action interrupted): I was going to the park when it started to rain.
Past Simple (completed actions): I went to the park yesterday.
Past Continuous (ongoing action interrupted): I was going to the park when it started to rain.
3. Present Perfect Simple
Affirmative: I have visited Paris.
Negative: I haven’t visited Paris.
Questions: Have you visited Paris?
👉 Usage: Experiences, unspecified time, actions connected to the present.
Affirmative: I have visited Paris.
Negative: I haven’t visited Paris.
Questions: Have you visited Paris?
👉 Usage: Experiences, unspecified time, actions connected to the present.
4. Present Perfect vs. Past Simple
Present Perfect: I have seen that movie. (unspecified time, still relevant)
Past Simple: I saw that movie last week. (specific time, finished action)
Present Perfect: I have seen that movie. (unspecified time, still relevant)
Past Simple: I saw that movie last week. (specific time, finished action)
5. Future Forms
Will: I will call you tomorrow. (spontaneous decision, promise)
Going to: I am going to visit my friend. (plan, intention)
Present Continuous (future): I am meeting her at 6 pm. (fixed arrangement)
Will: I will call you tomorrow. (spontaneous decision, promise)
Going to: I am going to visit my friend. (plan, intention)
Present Continuous (future): I am meeting her at 6 pm. (fixed arrangement)
6. Modal Verbs (Ability, Permission, Advice, Obligation)
Can / Could: Can you swim? / Could you open the window?
Should: You should eat more vegetables. (advice)
Must: You must wear a helmet. (strong obligation)
Have to: I have to finish my homework. (necessity)
Can / Could: Can you swim? / Could you open the window?
Should: You should eat more vegetables. (advice)
Must: You must wear a helmet. (strong obligation)
Have to: I have to finish my homework. (necessity)
7. Comparatives and Superlatives
Comparatives: bigger, more interesting
Superlatives: the biggest, the most interesting
👉 Used to compare two or more things.
Comparatives: bigger, more interesting
Superlatives: the biggest, the most interesting
👉 Used to compare two or more things.
8. Adverbs of Frequency, Manner, Time, Place
Frequency: always, often, never
Manner: slowly, carefully
Time: yesterday, soon
Place: here, there
Frequency: always, often, never
Manner: slowly, carefully
Time: yesterday, soon
Place: here, there
9. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Countable: apple/apples, chair/chairs
Uncountable: water, money
Quantifiers: some, any, much, many, a lot of, a few, a little
Countable: apple/apples, chair/chairs
Uncountable: water, money
Quantifiers: some, any, much, many, a lot of, a few, a little
10. Articles
Definite: the sun
Indefinite: a car, an hour
Zero article: I like tea.
Definite: the sun
Indefinite: a car, an hour
Zero article: I like tea.
11. Pronouns and Determiners
Subject: I, you, he, she, we, they
Object: me, him, us
Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, hers
Possessive Adjectives: my, your, her, their
Reflexive Pronouns: myself, yourself, themselves
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
Subject: I, you, he, she, we, they
Object: me, him, us
Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, hers
Possessive Adjectives: my, your, her, their
Reflexive Pronouns: myself, yourself, themselves
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
12. Prepositions of Time, Place, Movement
Time: at night, on Monday, in January
Place: in the room, on the floor, at the bus stop
Movement: to, into, out of, onto
Time: at night, on Monday, in January
Place: in the room, on the floor, at the bus stop
Movement: to, into, out of, onto
13. First Conditional
Structure: If + present simple, will + base verb
Example: If it rains, I will stay home.
Structure: If + present simple, will + base verb
Example: If it rains, I will stay home.
14. Second Conditional
Structure: If + past simple, would + base verb
Example: If I had a car, I would drive to work.
Structure: If + past simple, would + base verb
Example: If I had a car, I would drive to work.
15. Question Forms
Yes/No: Did you see the movie? / Are you coming?
Wh-: Where do you live? / What did you do?
Indirect: Can you tell me where the bank is?
Yes/No: Did you see the movie? / Are you coming?
Wh-: Where do you live? / What did you do?
Indirect: Can you tell me where the bank is?
16. Imperatives with Modifiers
Positive: Please sit down.
Negative: Please don’t smoke.
Positive: Please sit down.
Negative: Please don’t smoke.
17. Verb Patterns
Verb + -ing: I enjoy swimming.
Verb + to-infinitive: I want to learn.
Both: I like swimming. / I like to swim.
Verb + -ing: I enjoy swimming.
Verb + to-infinitive: I want to learn.
Both: I like swimming. / I like to swim.
18. Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds: Swimming is fun. / I like swimming.
Infinitives (after adjectives): It’s easy to learn.
Infinitives (purpose): I went to the store to buy milk.
Gerunds: Swimming is fun. / I like swimming.
Infinitives (after adjectives): It’s easy to learn.
Infinitives (purpose): I went to the store to buy milk.
19. Reported Speech (Basic)
Statements: He said (that) he was tired.
Questions: She asked if I was okay.
Statements: He said (that) he was tired.
Questions: She asked if I was okay.
20. Past Perfect Simple (Introduction)
Structure: had + past participle
Example: I had already eaten when he arrived.
Structure: had + past participle
Example: I had already eaten when he arrived.
21. Relative Clauses (Defining)
Who / That / Which: The person who called me was my friend.
👉 Gives essential information about a subject.
Who / That / Which: The person who called me was my friend.
👉 Gives essential information about a subject.
22. Quantifiers
some, any, much, many, a lot of, few, little
Example: There are many books. / There is some water.
some, any, much, many, a lot of, few, little
Example: There are many books. / There is some water.
23. Question Tags
Positive sentence + negative tag: It’s cold, isn’t it?
Negative sentence + positive tag: You don’t like it, do you?
Positive sentence + negative tag: It’s cold, isn’t it?
Negative sentence + positive tag: You don’t like it, do you?
24. Common Phrasal Verbs
wake up, sit down, put on, take off
Example: I wake up at 7 am.
wake up, sit down, put on, take off
Example: I wake up at 7 am.
25. Expressing Likes and Dislikes
I like, I love, I don’t like, I hate
Example: I love swimming. / I don’t like running.
I like, I love, I don’t like, I hate
Example: I love swimming. / I don’t like running.
26. Expressing Opinions
I think, In my opinion, I believe
Example: I think it’s a good idea.
I think, In my opinion, I believe
Example: I think it’s a good idea.
✅ Extra Notes for Learners
Linking Words for A2: because, so, but, although (useful for longer sentences).
Polite Requests: Would you like...? / Could you...?
Everyday Communication: What’s the matter?, How was your weekend?
Linking Words for A2: because, so, but, although (useful for longer sentences).
Polite Requests: Would you like...? / Could you...?
Everyday Communication: What’s the matter?, How was your weekend?
👉 This grammar list provides A2 students with the tools to communicate confidently in daily situations, write short texts, and prepare for B1 level grammar.
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