B1 LEVEL ENGLISH GRAMMAR

 1. Tenses Overview

• Present Simple: "She works every day."
• Present Continuous: "She is working now."
• Past Simple: "She worked yesterday."
• Past Continuous: "She was working when I called."
• Present Perfect Simple: "She has worked here for two years."
• Present Perfect Continuous: "She has been working here since morning."
• Past Perfect Simple: "She had worked before the meeting."
• Past Perfect Continuous: "She had been working for an hour when I arrived."
• Future Simple (Will): "She will work tomorrow."
• Future Continuous: "She will be working at 8 pm."
• Future Perfect: "She will have finished by then."
• Future Perfect Continuous: "She will have been working for three hours by the time you arrive."

2. Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

• Present Perfect Simple: Focus on the result: "I have written the report."
• Present Perfect Continuous: Focus on the duration: "I have been writing the report all day."

3. Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

• Past Simple: "I saw the movie last week." (Specific time in the past)
• Present Perfect: "I have seen the movie." (Experience, no specific time)

4. Future Forms

• Will: Spontaneous decisions, promises: "I will help you."
• Going to: Plans and intentions: "I am going to travel next month."
• Present Continuous: Fixed arrangements: "I am meeting her at 7 pm."
• Future Continuous: Ongoing actions in the future: "I will be studying at 5 pm."
• Future Perfect: Completed actions before a specific time in the future: "I will have finished my work by 6 pm."
• Future Perfect Continuous: Duration of actions up to a point in the future: "By next month, I will have been working here for two years."

5. Conditionals

• Zero Conditional: General truths: "If you heat water, it boils."
• First Conditional: Real possibilities: "If it rains, I will stay home."
• Second Conditional: Hypothetical situations: "If I won the lottery, I would travel the world."
• Third Conditional: Past hypotheticals: "If I had known, I would have called you."
• Mixed Conditionals: Mixed time references: "If I had studied harder, I would be successful now."

6. Modal Verbs

• Ability: "I can swim." / "She could speak Spanish."
• Possibility: "It may rain tomorrow." / "She might be at home."
• Permission: "You may leave early." / "Can I go out?"
• Obligation: "You must wear a seatbelt." / "You have to finish the report."
• Advice: "You should see a doctor." / "You ought to be careful."
• Prohibition: "You mustn't smoke here."
• Lack of necessity: "You don't have to come if you're busy."
• Deduction: "He must be the manager." / "She can't be at work."

7. Passive Voice

• Present Simple: "The letter is written."
• Past Simple: "The letter was written."
• Present Continuous: "The letter is being written."
• Past Continuous: "The letter was being written."
• Present Perfect: "The letter has been written."
• Past Perfect: "The letter had been written."
• Modals: "The letter must be written."

8. Reported Speech

• Statements: "He said (that) he was tired."
• Questions: "She asked if I was coming."
• Commands: "He told me to sit down."
• Reporting Verbs: "advise," "suggest," "recommend," etc.: "He advised me to take the train."

9. Relative Clauses

• Defining Relative Clauses: "The man who is sitting there is my uncle."
• Non-defining Relative Clauses: "My uncle, who is a doctor, lives in London."
• Omitting Relative Pronouns: "The book (that) I read was interesting."

10. Quantifiers

• "some," "any," "much," "many," "a lot of," "plenty of," "a few," "a little," "few," "little."
• Usage in various contexts: "There are many people here," "I have a few friends."

11. Gerunds and Infinitives

• Gerunds: "I enjoy swimming."
• Infinitives: "I want to swim."
• Verbs with both: "I started to swim." / "I started swimming."
• Gerunds after prepositions: "I am good at swimming."

12. Phrasal Verbs

• Common phrasal verbs: "give up," "take off," "put on," "look after."
• Usage: "I gave up smoking," "She looks after her brother."

13. Articles

• Definite Article: "the" - "the sun," "the best."
• Indefinite Articles: "a," "an" - "a car," "an apple."
• Zero Article: Used with general concepts: "Love is important."

14. Adjectives and Adverbs

• Order of Adjectives: "a small round wooden table."
• Comparative and Superlative Forms: "more interesting," "the most interesting."
• Adverbs of Degree: "quite," "very," "too," "enough" - "She is quite happy."

15. Expressing Preferences, Hopes, and Desires

• Would like: "I would like to visit Paris."
• Hope: "I hope to see you soon."
• Wish: "I wish I had more time."

16. Expressions of Quantity

• A lot of / Lots of: "There are a lot of people."
• A few / A little: "I need a little help."

17. Question Tags

• Positive Statement, Negative Tag: "You're coming, aren't you?"
• Negative Statement, Positive Tag: "You don't like it, do you?"

18. Causative Form

• Structure: "Have/Get + object + past participle"
• Example: "I had my hair cut."

19. Linking Words

• Reason: "because," "since," "as."
• Contrast: "but," "although," "however."
• Result: "so," "therefore."
• Purpose: "to," "in order to," "so as to."
• Addition: "and," "also," "as well as."

20. Intensifiers

• "very," "really," "extremely," "quite."
• Example: "She is really happy."

21. Indirect Questions

• Indirect questions for politeness: "Could you tell me where the station is?"

22. Collocations

• Common collocations: "make a decision," "take a break," "have a shower."
• Usage in context: "I need to make a decision."

23. Expressions of Obligation and Necessity

• Must: Strong obligation: "You must wear a seatbelt."
• Have to: Necessity: "I have to go now."
• Should/Ought to: Advice: "You should eat more fruit."

24. Relative Pronouns and Clauses

• "who," "whom," "whose," "which," "that."
• Usage in relative clauses: "The person who called was my friend."

25. Narrative Tenses

• Past Simple: Main events: "I woke up."
• Past Continuous: Background: "It was raining."
• Past Perfect: Earlier events: "I had eaten breakfast before I left."

This list includes the comprehensive grammar points for B1 level English, providing learners with a deeper understanding and more complex use of the language.