Tuesday, September 17, 2024

B1 LEVEL ENGLISH GRAMMAR



1. Tenses Overview

  • Present Simple"She works every day." (habits, routines)

  • Present Continuous"She is working now." (action happening now)

  • Past Simple"She worked yesterday." (completed past action)

  • Past Continuous"She was working when I called." (interrupted action in the past)

  • Present Perfect Simple"She has worked here for two years." (experience, result, unfinished time)

  • Present Perfect Continuous"She has been working here since morning." (focus on duration)

  • Past Perfect Simple"She had worked before the meeting." (action completed before another past action)

  • Past Perfect Continuous"She had been working for an hour when I arrived." (past action in progress before another event)

  • Future Simple (Will)"She will work tomorrow." (prediction, spontaneous decision)

  • Future Continuous"She will be working at 8 pm." (future action in progress)

  • Future Perfect"She will have finished by then." (completed before a future moment)

  • Future Perfect Continuous"She will have been working for three hours by the time you arrive." (duration up to a future point)


2. Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

  • Present Perfect SimpleFocus on result → "I have written the report."

  • Present Perfect ContinuousFocus on duration → "I have been writing the report all day."


3. Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

  • Past Simple"I saw the movie last week." (specific time in the past)

  • Present Perfect"I have seen the movie." (experience, no specific time mentioned)


4. Future Forms

  • Will → spontaneous decisions, promises: "I will help you."

  • Going to → plans, intentions: "I am going to travel next month."

  • Present Continuous → fixed arrangements: "I am meeting her at 7 pm."

  • Future Continuous → ongoing future actions: "I will be studying at 5 pm."

  • Future Perfect → completed actions before a future moment: "I will have finished my work by 6 pm."

  • Future Perfect Continuous → duration until a future moment: "By next month, I will have been working here for two years."


5. Conditionals

  • Zero Conditional"If you heat water, it boils." (general truths)

  • First Conditional"If it rains, I will stay home." (real possibilities)

  • Second Conditional"If I won the lottery, I would travel the world." (hypothetical situations)

  • Third Conditional"If I had known, I would have called you." (past hypotheticals)

  • Mixed Conditionals"If I had studied harder, I would be successful now." (different times combined)


6. Modal Verbs

  • Ability"I can swim." / "She could speak Spanish."

  • Possibility"It may rain tomorrow." / "She might be at home."

  • Permission"You may leave early." / "Can I go out?"

  • Obligation"You must wear a seatbelt." / "You have to finish the report."

  • Advice"You should see a doctor." / "You ought to be careful."

  • Prohibition"You mustn’t smoke here."

  • Lack of necessity"You don’t have to come if you’re busy."

  • Deduction"He must be the manager." / "She can’t be at work."


7. Passive Voice

  • Present Simple"The letter is written."

  • Past Simple"The letter was written."

  • Present Continuous"The letter is being written."

  • Past Continuous"The letter was being written."

  • Present Perfect"The letter has been written."

  • Past Perfect"The letter had been written."

  • Modals"The letter must be written."


8. Reported Speech

  • Statements"He said (that) he was tired."

  • Questions"She asked if I was coming."

  • Commands"He told me to sit down."

  • Reporting Verbsadvise, suggest, recommend → "He advised me to take the train."


9. Relative Clauses

  • Defining"The man who is sitting there is my uncle."

  • Non-defining"My uncle, who is a doctor, lives in London."

  • Omission"The book (that) I read was interesting."


10. Quantifiers

  • some, any, much, many, a lot of, plenty of, a few, a little, few, little

  • Example: "There are many people here." / "I have a few friends."


11. Gerunds and Infinitives

  • Gerunds"I enjoy swimming."

  • Infinitives"I want to swim."

  • Both"I started to swim." / "I started swimming."

  • After prepositions"I am good at swimming."


12. Phrasal Verbs

  • Common onesgive up, take off, put on, look after

  • Example: "I gave up smoking." / "She looks after her brother."


13. Articles

  • Definite (the)"the sun," "the best"

  • Indefinite (a/an)"a car," "an apple"

  • Zero Article"Love is important."


14. Adjectives and Adverbs

  • Order"a small round wooden table."

  • Comparatives & Superlatives"more interesting," "the most interesting."

  • Adverbs of Degree"quite, very, too, enough" → "She is quite happy."


15. Expressing Preferences, Hopes, and Desires

  • "I would like to visit Paris."

  • "I hope to see you soon."

  • "I wish I had more time."


16. Expressions of Quantity

  • "There are a lot of people."

  • "I need a little help."


17. Question Tags

  • Positive + negative: "You’re coming, aren’t you?"

  • Negative + positive: "You don’t like it, do you?"


18. Causative Form

  • StructureHave/Get + object + past participle

  • Example: "I had my hair cut."


19. Linking Words

  • Reasonbecause, since, as

  • Contrastbut, although, however

  • Resultso, therefore

  • Purposeto, in order to, so as to

  • Additionand, also, as well as


20. Intensifiers

  • very, really, extremely, quite

  • Example: "She is really happy."


21. Indirect Questions

  • Example: "Could you tell me where the station is?"


22. Collocations

  • "make a decision," "take a break," "have a shower."

  • Example: "I need to make a decision."


23. Obligation and Necessity

  • Must → strong obligation: "You must wear a seatbelt."

  • Have to → necessity: "I have to go now."

  • Should/Ought to → advice: "You should eat more fruit."


24. Relative Pronouns and Clauses

  • who, whom, whose, which, that

  • Example: "The person who called was my friend."


25. Narrative Tenses

  • Past Simple"I woke up." (main events)

  • Past Continuous"It was raining." (background)

  • Past Perfect"I had eaten breakfast before I left." (earlier action)


✅ Extra Suggestion to Add at B1:

  • So / Such for emphasis:
    "It was so hot." / "It was such a hot day."

  • Used to (past habits): "I used to play football every weekend."


This list includes the comprehensive grammar points for B1 level English, providing learners with a deeper understanding and more complex use of the language.

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