1. Tenses Overview
Present Simple: "She works every day." (habits, routines)
Present Continuous: "She is working now." (action happening now)
Past Simple: "She worked yesterday." (completed past action)
Past Continuous: "She was working when I called." (interrupted action in the past)
Present Perfect Simple: "She has worked here for two years." (experience, result, unfinished time)
Present Perfect Continuous: "She has been working here since morning." (focus on duration)
Past Perfect Simple: "She had worked before the meeting." (action completed before another past action)
Past Perfect Continuous: "She had been working for an hour when I arrived." (past action in progress before another event)
Future Simple (Will): "She will work tomorrow." (prediction, spontaneous decision)
Future Continuous: "She will be working at 8 pm." (future action in progress)
Future Perfect: "She will have finished by then." (completed before a future moment)
Future Perfect Continuous: "She will have been working for three hours by the time you arrive." (duration up to a future point)
Present Simple: "She works every day." (habits, routines)
Present Continuous: "She is working now." (action happening now)
Past Simple: "She worked yesterday." (completed past action)
Past Continuous: "She was working when I called." (interrupted action in the past)
Present Perfect Simple: "She has worked here for two years." (experience, result, unfinished time)
Present Perfect Continuous: "She has been working here since morning." (focus on duration)
Past Perfect Simple: "She had worked before the meeting." (action completed before another past action)
Past Perfect Continuous: "She had been working for an hour when I arrived." (past action in progress before another event)
Future Simple (Will): "She will work tomorrow." (prediction, spontaneous decision)
Future Continuous: "She will be working at 8 pm." (future action in progress)
Future Perfect: "She will have finished by then." (completed before a future moment)
Future Perfect Continuous: "She will have been working for three hours by the time you arrive." (duration up to a future point)
2. Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Simple: Focus on result → "I have written the report."
Present Perfect Continuous: Focus on duration → "I have been writing the report all day."
Present Perfect Simple: Focus on result → "I have written the report."
Present Perfect Continuous: Focus on duration → "I have been writing the report all day."
3. Past Simple vs. Present Perfect
Past Simple: "I saw the movie last week." (specific time in the past)
Present Perfect: "I have seen the movie." (experience, no specific time mentioned)
Past Simple: "I saw the movie last week." (specific time in the past)
Present Perfect: "I have seen the movie." (experience, no specific time mentioned)
4. Future Forms
Will → spontaneous decisions, promises: "I will help you."
Going to → plans, intentions: "I am going to travel next month."
Present Continuous → fixed arrangements: "I am meeting her at 7 pm."
Future Continuous → ongoing future actions: "I will be studying at 5 pm."
Future Perfect → completed actions before a future moment: "I will have finished my work by 6 pm."
Future Perfect Continuous → duration until a future moment: "By next month, I will have been working here for two years."
Will → spontaneous decisions, promises: "I will help you."
Going to → plans, intentions: "I am going to travel next month."
Present Continuous → fixed arrangements: "I am meeting her at 7 pm."
Future Continuous → ongoing future actions: "I will be studying at 5 pm."
Future Perfect → completed actions before a future moment: "I will have finished my work by 6 pm."
Future Perfect Continuous → duration until a future moment: "By next month, I will have been working here for two years."
5. Conditionals
Zero Conditional: "If you heat water, it boils." (general truths)
First Conditional: "If it rains, I will stay home." (real possibilities)
Second Conditional: "If I won the lottery, I would travel the world." (hypothetical situations)
Third Conditional: "If I had known, I would have called you." (past hypotheticals)
Mixed Conditionals: "If I had studied harder, I would be successful now." (different times combined)
Zero Conditional: "If you heat water, it boils." (general truths)
First Conditional: "If it rains, I will stay home." (real possibilities)
Second Conditional: "If I won the lottery, I would travel the world." (hypothetical situations)
Third Conditional: "If I had known, I would have called you." (past hypotheticals)
Mixed Conditionals: "If I had studied harder, I would be successful now." (different times combined)
6. Modal Verbs
Ability: "I can swim." / "She could speak Spanish."
Possibility: "It may rain tomorrow." / "She might be at home."
Permission: "You may leave early." / "Can I go out?"
Obligation: "You must wear a seatbelt." / "You have to finish the report."
Advice: "You should see a doctor." / "You ought to be careful."
Prohibition: "You mustn’t smoke here."
Lack of necessity: "You don’t have to come if you’re busy."
Deduction: "He must be the manager." / "She can’t be at work."
Ability: "I can swim." / "She could speak Spanish."
Possibility: "It may rain tomorrow." / "She might be at home."
Permission: "You may leave early." / "Can I go out?"
Obligation: "You must wear a seatbelt." / "You have to finish the report."
Advice: "You should see a doctor." / "You ought to be careful."
Prohibition: "You mustn’t smoke here."
Lack of necessity: "You don’t have to come if you’re busy."
Deduction: "He must be the manager." / "She can’t be at work."
7. Passive Voice
Present Simple: "The letter is written."
Past Simple: "The letter was written."
Present Continuous: "The letter is being written."
Past Continuous: "The letter was being written."
Present Perfect: "The letter has been written."
Past Perfect: "The letter had been written."
Modals: "The letter must be written."
Present Simple: "The letter is written."
Past Simple: "The letter was written."
Present Continuous: "The letter is being written."
Past Continuous: "The letter was being written."
Present Perfect: "The letter has been written."
Past Perfect: "The letter had been written."
Modals: "The letter must be written."
8. Reported Speech
Statements: "He said (that) he was tired."
Questions: "She asked if I was coming."
Commands: "He told me to sit down."
Reporting Verbs: advise, suggest, recommend → "He advised me to take the train."
Statements: "He said (that) he was tired."
Questions: "She asked if I was coming."
Commands: "He told me to sit down."
Reporting Verbs: advise, suggest, recommend → "He advised me to take the train."
9. Relative Clauses
Defining: "The man who is sitting there is my uncle."
Non-defining: "My uncle, who is a doctor, lives in London."
Omission: "The book (that) I read was interesting."
Defining: "The man who is sitting there is my uncle."
Non-defining: "My uncle, who is a doctor, lives in London."
Omission: "The book (that) I read was interesting."
10. Quantifiers
some, any, much, many, a lot of, plenty of, a few, a little, few, little
Example: "There are many people here." / "I have a few friends."
some, any, much, many, a lot of, plenty of, a few, a little, few, little
Example: "There are many people here." / "I have a few friends."
11. Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds: "I enjoy swimming."
Infinitives: "I want to swim."
Both: "I started to swim." / "I started swimming."
After prepositions: "I am good at swimming."
Gerunds: "I enjoy swimming."
Infinitives: "I want to swim."
Both: "I started to swim." / "I started swimming."
After prepositions: "I am good at swimming."
12. Phrasal Verbs
Common ones: give up, take off, put on, look after
Example: "I gave up smoking." / "She looks after her brother."
Common ones: give up, take off, put on, look after
Example: "I gave up smoking." / "She looks after her brother."
13. Articles
Definite (the): "the sun," "the best"
Indefinite (a/an): "a car," "an apple"
Zero Article: "Love is important."
Definite (the): "the sun," "the best"
Indefinite (a/an): "a car," "an apple"
Zero Article: "Love is important."
14. Adjectives and Adverbs
Order: "a small round wooden table."
Comparatives & Superlatives: "more interesting," "the most interesting."
Adverbs of Degree: "quite, very, too, enough" → "She is quite happy."
Order: "a small round wooden table."
Comparatives & Superlatives: "more interesting," "the most interesting."
Adverbs of Degree: "quite, very, too, enough" → "She is quite happy."
15. Expressing Preferences, Hopes, and Desires
"I would like to visit Paris."
"I hope to see you soon."
"I wish I had more time."
"I would like to visit Paris."
"I hope to see you soon."
"I wish I had more time."
16. Expressions of Quantity
"There are a lot of people."
"I need a little help."
"There are a lot of people."
"I need a little help."
17. Question Tags
Positive + negative: "You’re coming, aren’t you?"
Negative + positive: "You don’t like it, do you?"
Positive + negative: "You’re coming, aren’t you?"
Negative + positive: "You don’t like it, do you?"
18. Causative Form
Structure: Have/Get + object + past participle
Example: "I had my hair cut."
Structure: Have/Get + object + past participle
Example: "I had my hair cut."
19. Linking Words
Reason: because, since, as
Contrast: but, although, however
Result: so, therefore
Purpose: to, in order to, so as to
Addition: and, also, as well as
Reason: because, since, as
Contrast: but, although, however
Result: so, therefore
Purpose: to, in order to, so as to
Addition: and, also, as well as
20. Intensifiers
very, really, extremely, quite
Example: "She is really happy."
very, really, extremely, quite
Example: "She is really happy."
21. Indirect Questions
Example: "Could you tell me where the station is?"
Example: "Could you tell me where the station is?"
22. Collocations
"make a decision," "take a break," "have a shower."
Example: "I need to make a decision."
"make a decision," "take a break," "have a shower."
Example: "I need to make a decision."
23. Obligation and Necessity
Must → strong obligation: "You must wear a seatbelt."
Have to → necessity: "I have to go now."
Should/Ought to → advice: "You should eat more fruit."
Must → strong obligation: "You must wear a seatbelt."
Have to → necessity: "I have to go now."
Should/Ought to → advice: "You should eat more fruit."
24. Relative Pronouns and Clauses
who, whom, whose, which, that
Example: "The person who called was my friend."
who, whom, whose, which, that
Example: "The person who called was my friend."
25. Narrative Tenses
Past Simple: "I woke up." (main events)
Past Continuous: "It was raining." (background)
Past Perfect: "I had eaten breakfast before I left." (earlier action)
Past Simple: "I woke up." (main events)
Past Continuous: "It was raining." (background)
Past Perfect: "I had eaten breakfast before I left." (earlier action)
✅ Extra Suggestion to Add at B1:
So / Such for emphasis:
"It was so hot." / "It was such a hot day."Used to (past habits): "I used to play football every weekend."
This list includes the comprehensive grammar points for B1 level English, providing learners with a deeper understanding and more complex use of the language.
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