1. Advanced Tenses
Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous
"She has worked here for ten years." → Focus on completion/result
"She has been working here for ten years." → Focus on duration/process
Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect Continuous
"He had left before I arrived." (completed past action)
"He had been waiting for an hour when she arrived." (action in progress before another past event)
Future in the Past
"I was going to call you, but I forgot."
"She would come if she had time."
2. Complex Conditional Sentences
Mixed Conditionals
Past condition → present result: "If I had studied harder, I would be more successful now."
Present condition → past result: "If I were rich, I would have bought that house."
Inverted Conditionals
"Were I rich, I would travel the world." (2nd conditional)
"Had I known, I would have called you." (3rd conditional)
3. Modals for Speculation and Deduction
Present Deduction
"She must be at work." (certainty)
"He can’t be the thief." (impossibility)
Past Deduction
"She must have forgotten." (certainty about the past)
"He can’t have done it." (impossibility about the past)
Speculation
"She might have missed the bus."
"He could have taken the wrong turn."
4. Passive Voice
All Tenses:
Present Simple: "The report is written."
Past Simple: "The report was written."
Future Simple: "The report will be written."
Present Perfect: "The report has been written."
Past Perfect: "The report had been written."
Passive with Modals: "The work can be done by tomorrow." / "The project should have been completed by now."
Have/Get Something Done: "I had my car repaired." / "She got her hair cut."
5. Causative Structures
Causative Have/Get
"I had the house painted."
"She got her computer fixed."
6. Reported Speech
Reporting Verbs: advise, suggest, warn, offer → "He advised me to take the train."
Changes:
Direct: "He said, 'I will help you.'" → Reported: "He said that he would help me."
Direct: "She asked, 'Do you like it?'" → Reported: "She asked if I liked it."
Direct: "He told me, 'Don’t go!'" → Reported: "He told me not to go."
With Modal Verbs: "He said, 'I might come.'" → "He said he might come."
7. Relative Clauses
Defining: "The man who lives next door is a doctor."
Non-defining: "Paris, which is the capital of France, is beautiful."
Reduced Clauses:
"The woman sitting over there is my teacher."
"The book written by J.K. Rowling is famous."
8. Complex Sentence Structures
Linking Words:
Contrast: however, nevertheless, although
Reason/Result: as a result, therefore, consequently
Purpose: in order to, so as to
Addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition
Cleft Sentences:
It-cleft: "It was John who broke the vase."
What-cleft: "What I need is a cup of coffee."
9. Gerunds and Infinitives
Verbs with meaning change:
"Remember doing" (recall past action) vs. "Remember to do" (don’t forget future action).
Gerund examples: "I avoid eating junk food."
Infinitive examples: "I decided to go."
Complex structures: "She admitted to having been wrong." / "I regret to inform you..."
10. Inversion
For Emphasis: "Never have I seen such beauty." / "Rarely does he go out."
In Conditionals: "Had I known, I would have told you." / "Should you need help, let me know."
11. Quantifiers and Determiners
Advanced Quantifiers: few, a few, little, a little, plenty of, several
Determiners: each, every, either, neither, both
12. Collocations and Fixed Expressions
Collocations:
Verb + Noun: take a risk, make an effort
Adjective + Noun: strong coffee, heavy rain
Fixed Expressions: under the weather, at the end of the day
13. Noun Clauses
As Subjects: "What you said was surprising."
As Objects: "I don’t know what she wants."
Reporting beliefs: "He believes that the Earth is flat."
14. Hypothetical Structures
Wish / If Only
Present: "I wish I knew the answer."
Past: "I wish I had gone to the party."
Future: "I wish it would stop raining."
For Emphasis: "If only I had more time!"
15. Verb Patterns
Different meanings:
"I stopped to eat." (purpose)
"I stopped eating." (quit activity)
Object + Infinitive: "I want you to come." / "He told her to wait."
16. Prepositional Phrases
Advanced Use: in spite of, on behalf of, in terms of
Phrasal Verbs with multiple meanings:
"Look up" (search) vs. "Look up to" (admire)
17. Advanced Conjunctions and Connectors
Contrast: on the other hand, whereas, while
Cause/Effect: owing to, due to the fact that
Purpose: with the aim of, so that
18. Advanced Uses of Articles
Zero Article: "He goes to school." (institutional)
Generic Use: "The tiger is an endangered species."
Specific Use: "A tiger can be dangerous."
19. Expressions with “Would”
Past Habit: "When I was a child, I would play outside every day."
Politeness: "Would you like some coffee?"
Imaginary situations: "I would love to go to Japan."
20. Advanced Modal Verbs
Past forms: "She could have gone." / "You should have told me."
Regret/Criticism:
"You needn’t have worried." (unnecessary)
"I shouldn’t have said that." (regret)
21. Emphasis and Clarity
Fronting: "Scared, he certainly was!"
Emphatic “do”: "I do understand your concern."
Emphatic negatives: "Not only did she pass, but she also got top marks."
22. Subjunctive Mood
Formality:
"It is essential that he be present."
"I suggest that she study more."
23. Verb Tenses in Time Clauses
Examples:
"By the time you arrive, I will have finished."
"As soon as he gets home, we’ll start dinner."
✅ Extra Suggestions for B2 level learners:
Complex adverbial clauses (even though, provided that, as long as).
Nominalisation for academic English (The development of technology has changed society).
Advanced discourse markers (in contrast, on condition that, despite the fact that).
No comments:
Post a Comment