1. Advanced Verb Tenses and Aspects
Future Perfect Continuous:
"By next year, I will have been working here for five years."
Past Perfect Continuous for Cause:
"She was tired because she had been working all day."
Narrative Tenses (mixing past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous in storytelling):
"He had been driving for hours when he realized he had forgotten his wallet."
Present Perfect Simple vs. Continuous with Focus on Result:
"I have finished my homework." (Result-focused)
"I have been working on my homework." (Activity-focused)
Future Perfect Continuous:
"By next year, I will have been working here for five years."
Past Perfect Continuous for Cause:
"She was tired because she had been working all day."
Narrative Tenses (mixing past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous in storytelling):
"He had been driving for hours when he realized he had forgotten his wallet."
Present Perfect Simple vs. Continuous with Focus on Result:
"I have finished my homework." (Result-focused)
"I have been working on my homework." (Activity-focused)
2. Complex Sentences and Clauses
Advanced Relative Clauses: Use of whom, whose, whereby:
"The person to whom I was speaking was very helpful."
Non-defining Relative Clauses with Prepositions:
"The house, in which I grew up, has been sold."
Reduced Relative Clauses:
"Anyone interested in the job should apply now."
(Reduced from: "Anyone who is interested...")
Advanced Noun Clauses:
"That he was lying was obvious."
"It is important that you be there."
Advanced Relative Clauses: Use of whom, whose, whereby:
"The person to whom I was speaking was very helpful."
Non-defining Relative Clauses with Prepositions:
"The house, in which I grew up, has been sold."
Reduced Relative Clauses:
"Anyone interested in the job should apply now."
(Reduced from: "Anyone who is interested...")
Advanced Noun Clauses:
"That he was lying was obvious."
"It is important that you be there."
3. Inversion and Emphasis
Inversion with Negative Adverbials:
"Never before have I seen such beauty."
"Seldom do we get this kind of opportunity."
Inversion after "So" and "Such":
"So rare was the event that people came from all over to see it."
"Such was the force of the explosion that windows shattered."
Cleft Sentences for Emphasis:
It-cleft: "It was John who made the mistake."
What-cleft: "What really bothers me is his attitude."
Inversion with Negative Adverbials:
"Never before have I seen such beauty."
"Seldom do we get this kind of opportunity."
Inversion after "So" and "Such":
"So rare was the event that people came from all over to see it."
"Such was the force of the explosion that windows shattered."
Cleft Sentences for Emphasis:
It-cleft: "It was John who made the mistake."
What-cleft: "What really bothers me is his attitude."
4. Advanced Modal Verbs and Related Structures
Past Modals for Criticism, Regret, and Possibility:
"You should have told me earlier." (Criticism)
"He might have left already." (Possibility)
Hypothetical Meaning with Modals:
"He would often stay late at the office." (Habitual past)
Modal Perfect Continuous:
"She might have been working late."
Past Modals for Criticism, Regret, and Possibility:
"You should have told me earlier." (Criticism)
"He might have left already." (Possibility)
Hypothetical Meaning with Modals:
"He would often stay late at the office." (Habitual past)
Modal Perfect Continuous:
"She might have been working late."
5. Complex Conditionals
Mixed Conditionals with Inversion:
"Had he known about the meeting, he would have attended."
Conditionals with Multiple Clauses:
"If it hadn't rained, and if we had left earlier, we would have arrived on time."
Advanced Uses of Unless / Provided that / As long as:
"You can borrow the car as long as you drive carefully."
Mixed Conditionals with Inversion:
"Had he known about the meeting, he would have attended."
Conditionals with Multiple Clauses:
"If it hadn't rained, and if we had left earlier, we would have arrived on time."
Advanced Uses of Unless / Provided that / As long as:
"You can borrow the car as long as you drive carefully."
6. Reported Speech
Advanced Reporting with Modals and Conditionals:
Direct: "I would have helped if I had known."
Reported: "She said she would have helped if she had known."
Complex Reporting Verbs:
"He denied having stolen the money."
"She suggested that we leave early."
Reporting with Changing Verb Forms:
"He said he had been planning to go."
Advanced Reporting with Modals and Conditionals:
Direct: "I would have helped if I had known."
Reported: "She said she would have helped if she had known."
Complex Reporting Verbs:
"He denied having stolen the money."
"She suggested that we leave early."
Reporting with Changing Verb Forms:
"He said he had been planning to go."
7. Advanced Use of Passive Voice
Passive Infinitives:
"The work is expected to be finished by tomorrow."
Passive with Reporting Verbs:
"It is said that he is the best player."
"He is believed to have left the country."
Complex Passive Structures:
"Having been informed of the news, they decided to cancel the event."
Passive Infinitives:
"The work is expected to be finished by tomorrow."
Passive with Reporting Verbs:
"It is said that he is the best player."
"He is believed to have left the country."
Complex Passive Structures:
"Having been informed of the news, they decided to cancel the event."
8. Advanced Sentence Structures
Subjunctive Mood:
"I demand that he leave immediately."
Advanced Conjunctions and Linking Words:
Contrast: "Nevertheless," "nonetheless," "whereas."
Cause and Effect: "Owing to," "inasmuch as."
Ellipsis:
"She was happy, and so was I." (Ellipsis of "happy")
"I could have helped, but I didn't." (Ellipsis of "helped")
Subjunctive Mood:
"I demand that he leave immediately."
Advanced Conjunctions and Linking Words:
Contrast: "Nevertheless," "nonetheless," "whereas."
Cause and Effect: "Owing to," "inasmuch as."
Ellipsis:
"She was happy, and so was I." (Ellipsis of "happy")
"I could have helped, but I didn't." (Ellipsis of "helped")
9. Nominalization
Turning verbs and adjectives into nouns for formality:
"Deciding" → "decision" → "The decision was made."
"Effective" → "effectiveness" → "The effectiveness of the plan was questioned."
Turning verbs and adjectives into nouns for formality:
"Deciding" → "decision" → "The decision was made."
"Effective" → "effectiveness" → "The effectiveness of the plan was questioned."
10. Advanced Prepositional Phrases
Phrases for Formal Writing:
"In light of the recent events..."
"In accordance with the guidelines..."
Idiomatic Prepositional Phrases:
"In terms of," "in favor of," "in relation to."
Phrases for Formal Writing:
"In light of the recent events..."
"In accordance with the guidelines..."
Idiomatic Prepositional Phrases:
"In terms of," "in favor of," "in relation to."
11. Advanced Vocabulary and Collocations
Complex Collocations:
"Take into account," "come to terms with," "bring to light."
Fixed Expressions and Idioms:
"By and large," "to be on the safe side," "to take something for granted."
Multi-word Verbs with Complex Meanings:
"To put up with," "to come up with," "to get away with."
Complex Collocations:
"Take into account," "come to terms with," "bring to light."
Fixed Expressions and Idioms:
"By and large," "to be on the safe side," "to take something for granted."
Multi-word Verbs with Complex Meanings:
"To put up with," "to come up with," "to get away with."
12. Advanced Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds after Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs:
"He is good at playing the piano."
"I look forward to hearing from you."
Complex Gerund Structures:
"Having finished the project, they went on holiday."
Infinitives with Passive Meaning:
"This book is interesting to read." (The book provides interest when read)
Gerunds after Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs:
"He is good at playing the piano."
"I look forward to hearing from you."
Complex Gerund Structures:
"Having finished the project, they went on holiday."
Infinitives with Passive Meaning:
"This book is interesting to read." (The book provides interest when read)
13. Discourse Markers and Cohesive Devices
Showing Cause, Contrast, Addition:
"On the contrary," "in addition to," "despite the fact that."
Sequencing and Structuring Ideas:
"Firstly," "subsequently," "ultimately."
Summarizing and Concluding:
"In summary," "to conclude," "all things considered."
Showing Cause, Contrast, Addition:
"On the contrary," "in addition to," "despite the fact that."
Sequencing and Structuring Ideas:
"Firstly," "subsequently," "ultimately."
Summarizing and Concluding:
"In summary," "to conclude," "all things considered."
14. Advanced Adjective and Adverb Use
Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses:
"He is a person whom I can trust."
"As soon as he arrived, the meeting started."
Comparatives and Superlatives with Emphasis:
"Far more interesting," "by far the best."
Compound Adjectives and Adverbs:
"Well-known author," "highly-anticipated event."
Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses:
"He is a person whom I can trust."
"As soon as he arrived, the meeting started."
Comparatives and Superlatives with Emphasis:
"Far more interesting," "by far the best."
Compound Adjectives and Adverbs:
"Well-known author," "highly-anticipated event."
15. Complex Noun Phrases
Expanded Noun Phrases:
"The recently discovered manuscript" (instead of "the manuscript")
Appositives:
"Mr. Smith, the head of the department, was there."
Expanded Noun Phrases:
"The recently discovered manuscript" (instead of "the manuscript")
Appositives:
"Mr. Smith, the head of the department, was there."
16. Advanced Use of Articles
Omission of Articles:
"She was made president." (Omitting "the")
Generic vs. Specific Reference:
"The tiger is a dangerous animal." vs. "Tigers are dangerous animals."
Omission of Articles:
"She was made president." (Omitting "the")
Generic vs. Specific Reference:
"The tiger is a dangerous animal." vs. "Tigers are dangerous animals."
17. Verb Patterns and Structures
Verb + Object + Bare Infinitive:
"She made him leave."
Verb + Object + Past Participle:
"They had the house painted."
Verb + Object + Bare Infinitive:
"She made him leave."
Verb + Object + Past Participle:
"They had the house painted."
18. Subordination and Coordination
Subordinating Conjunctions:
"Although," "even though," "provided that."
Correlative Conjunctions:
"Not only... but also," "either... or," "neither... nor."
Subordinating Conjunctions:
"Although," "even though," "provided that."
Correlative Conjunctions:
"Not only... but also," "either... or," "neither... nor."
19. Advanced Conjunctions and Connectors
Purpose and Reason:
"So that," "in order that."
Contrast and Concession:
"Even if," "much as."
Complex Time Expressions:
"By the time," "no sooner... than."
Purpose and Reason:
"So that," "in order that."
Contrast and Concession:
"Even if," "much as."
Complex Time Expressions:
"By the time," "no sooner... than."
20. Subjunctive and Unreal Uses
Expressing Wishes and Hypotheticals:
"I wish I were rich."
"Suppose you had won the lottery."
Expressions of Urgency and Suggestion:
"It is vital that he be informed."
Expressing Wishes and Hypotheticals:
"I wish I were rich."
"Suppose you had won the lottery."
Expressions of Urgency and Suggestion:
"It is vital that he be informed."
21. Advanced Report Structures
Reporting using Infinitive Structures:
"He is said to be the best in his field."
Reporting Questions with Complex Tenses:
"She asked what I had been doing."
Reporting using Infinitive Structures:
"He is said to be the best in his field."
Reporting Questions with Complex Tenses:
"She asked what I had been doing."
22. Advanced Verb Forms
Participial Phrases for Conciseness:
"Walking down the street, he noticed the shop."
Gerunds as Subjects:
"Reading is his favorite hobby."
Participial Phrases for Conciseness:
"Walking down the street, he noticed the shop."
Gerunds as Subjects:
"Reading is his favorite hobby."
23. Hypothetical Situations
Advanced Conditional Phrases:
"If it were not for his help, we wouldn't have succeeded."
Expressions for Imaginary Situations:
"If only I had known."
Advanced Conditional Phrases:
"If it were not for his help, we wouldn't have succeeded."
Expressions for Imaginary Situations:
"If only I had known."
24. Concessive Clauses
Expressing Contrast with Concessives:
"Much as I like her, I can't agree with her decision."
"However hard he tried, he couldn't succeed."
Expressing Contrast with Concessives:
"Much as I like her, I can't agree with her decision."
"However hard he tried, he couldn't succeed."
✅ Conclusion
At the C1 level, learners are expected to have a comprehensive grasp of complex grammar structures and the ability to use them flexibly and effectively in various contexts, both in formal and informal communication. Mastery at this stage means using nuanced grammar, advanced vocabulary, and discourse devices naturally in speaking and writing.
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