1.1 Future Perfect Continuous:
"By next year, I will have been working here for five years."
1.2 Past Perfect Continuous for Cause:
"She was tired because she had been working all day."
1.3 Narrative Tenses:
Mixing past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous in storytelling: "He had been driving for hours when he realized he had forgotten his wallet."
1.4 Present Perfect Simple vs. Continuous with Focus on Result:
"I have finished my homework." (Result-focused)
"I have been working on my homework." (Activity-focused)
2. COMPLEX SENTENCES AND CLAUSES
2.1 Advanced Relative Clauses:
Use of "whom," "whose," "whereby": "The person to whom I was speaking was very helpful."
2.2 Non-defining Relative Clauses with Prepositions:
"The house, in which I grew up, has been sold."
2.3 Reduced Relative Clauses:
"Anyone interested in the job should apply now." (Reduced from: "Anyone who is interested...")
2.4 Advanced Noun Clauses:
"That he was lying was obvious."
"It is important that you be there."
3. INVERSION AND EMPHASIS
3.1. Inversion with Negative Adverbials:
"Never before have I seen such beauty."
"Seldom do we get this kind of opportunity."
3.2 Inversion after "So" and "Such":
"So rare was the event that people came from all over to see it."
"Such was the force of the explosion that windows shattered."
3.3 Cleft Sentences for Emphasis:
It-cleft: "It was John who made the mistake."
What-cleft: "What really bothers me is his attitude."
4. ADVANCED MODAL VERBS AND RELATED STRUCTURES
4.1 Past Modals for Criticism, Regret, and Possibility:
"You should have told me earlier." (Criticism)
"He might have left already." (Possibility)
4.2 Hypothetical Meaning with Modals:
"He would often stay late at the office." (Habitual past)
4.3 Modal Perfect Continuous:
"She might have been working late."
5. COMPLEX CONDITIONALS
5.1 Mixed Conditionals with Inversion:
"Had he known about the meeting, he would have attended."
5.2 Conditionals with Multiple Clauses:
"If it hadn't rained, and if we had left earlier, we would have arrived on time."
5.3 Advanced Uses of "Unless," "Provided that," "As long as":
"You can borrow the car as long as you drive carefully."
6. REPORTED SPEECH
6.1 Advanced Reporting with Modals and Conditionals:
Direct: "I would have helped if I had known."
Reported: "She said she would have helped if she had known."
6.2 Complex Reporting Verbs:
"He denied having stolen the money."
"She suggested that we leave early."
6.3 Reporting with Changing Verb Forms:
"He said he had been planning to go."
7. ADVANCED USE OF PASSIVE VOICE
7.1 Passive Infinitives:
"The work is expected to be finished by tomorrow."
7.2 Passive with Reporting Verbs:
"It is said that he is the best player."
"He is believed to have left the country."
7.3 Complex Passive Structures:
"Having been informed of the news, they decided to cancel the event."
8. ADVANCED SENTENCE STRUCTURES
8.1 Subjunctive Mood:
"I demand that he leave immediately."
8.2 Advanced Conjunctions and Linking Words:
Contrast: "Nevertheless," "nonetheless," "whereas."
Cause and Effect: "Owing to," "inasmuch as."
8.3 Ellipsis:
"She was happy, and so was I." (Ellipsis of "happy")
"I could have helped, but I didn't." (Ellipsis of "helped")
9. NOMINALIZATION
9.1 Turning Verbs and Adjectives into Nouns for Formality:
"Deciding" becomes "decision": "The decision was made."
"Effective" becomes "effectiveness": "The effectiveness of the plan was questioned."
10. ADVANCED PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
10.1 Phrases for Formal Writing:
"In light of the recent events..."
"In accordance with the guidelines..."
10.2 Idiomatic Prepositional Phrases:
"In terms of," "in favor of," "in relation to."
11. ADVANCED VOCABULARY AND COLLOCATIONS
11.1 Complex Collocations:
"Take into account," "come to terms with," "bring to light."
11.2 Fixed Expressions and Idioms:
"By and large," "to be on the safe side," "to take something for granted."
11.3 Multi-word Verbs with Complex Meanings:
"To put up with," "to come up with," "to get away with."
12. ADVANCED GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
12.1 Gerunds after Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs:
"He is good at playing the piano."
"I look forward to hearing from you."
12.2 Complex Gerund Structures:
"Having finished the project, they went on holiday."
12.3 Infinitives with Passive Meaning:
"This book is interesting to read." (The book provides interest when read)
13. DISCOURSE MARKERS AND COHESIVE DEVICES
13.1 Showing Cause, Contrast, Addition:
"On the contrary," "in addition to," "despite the fact that."
13.2 Sequencing and Structuring Ideas:
"Firstly," "subsequently," "ultimately."
13.3 Summarizing and Concluding:
"In summary," "to conclude," "all things considered."
14. ADVANCED ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB USE
14.1 Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses:
"He is a person whom I can trust."
"As soon as he arrived, the meeting started."
14.2 Comparatives and Superlatives with Emphasis:
"Far more interesting," "by far the best."
14.3 Compound Adjectives and Adverbs:
"Well-known author," "highly-anticipated event."
15. COMPLEX NOUN PHRASES
15.1 Expanded Noun Phrases:
"The recently discovered manuscript" instead of "the manuscript."
15.2 Appositives:
"Mr. Smith, the head of the department, was there."
16. ADVANCED USE OF ARTICLES
16.1 Omission of Articles:
"She was made president." (Omitting "the")
16.2 Generic vs. Specific Reference:
"The tiger is a dangerous animal." vs. "Tigers are dangerous animals."
17. VERB PATTERNS AND STRUCTURES
17.1 Verb + Object + Bare Infinitive:
"She made him leave."
17.2 Verb + Object + Past Participle:
"They had the house painted."
18. SUBORDINATION AND COORDINATION
18.1 Subordinating Conjunctions:
"Although," "even though," "provided that."
18.2 Correlative Conjunctions:
"Not only... but also," "either... or," "neither... nor."
19. ADVANCED CONJUNCTIONS AND CONNECTORS
19.1 Purpose and Reason:
"So that," "in order that."
19.2 Contrast and Concession:
"Even if," "much as."
19.3 Complex Time Expressions:
"By the time," "no sooner... than."
20. SUBJUNCTIVE AND UNREAL USES
20.1 Expressing Wishes and Hypotheticals:
"I wish I were rich."
"Suppose you had won the lottery."
20.2 Expressions of Urgency and Suggestion:
"It is vital that he be informed."
21. ADVANCED REPORT STRUCTURES
21.1 Reporting using Infinitive Structures:
"He is said to be the best in his field."
21.2 Reporting Questions with Complex Tenses:
"She asked what I had been doing."
22. ADVANCED VERB FORMS
22.1 Participial Phrases for Conciseness:
"Walking down the street, he noticed the shop."
22.2 Gerunds as Subjects:
"Reading is his favorite hobby."
23. HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS
23.1 Advanced Conditional Phrases:
"If it were not for his help, we wouldn't have succeeded."
23.2 Expressions for Imaginary Situations:
"If only I had known."
24. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES
24.1 Expressing Contrast with Concessives:
"Much as I like her, I can't agree with her decision."
"However hard he tried, he couldn't succeed."
At the C1 level, learners are expected to have a comprehensive grasp of complex grammar structures and the ability to use them flexibly and effectively in various contexts, both in formal and informal communication.
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