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C1 LEVEL ENGLISH GRAMMAR



1. ADVANCED VERB TENSES AND ASPECTS
1.1 Future Perfect Continuous:
"By next year, I will have been working here for five years."

1.2 Past Perfect Continuous for Cause:
"She was tired because she had been working all day."

1.3 Narrative Tenses:
Mixing past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous in storytelling: "He had been driving for hours when he realized he had forgotten his wallet."

1.4 Present Perfect Simple vs. Continuous with Focus on Result:
"I have finished my homework." (Result-focused)
"I have been working on my homework." (Activity-focused)


2. COMPLEX SENTENCES AND CLAUSES
2.1 Advanced Relative Clauses:
Use of "whom," "whose," "whereby": "The person to whom I was speaking was very helpful."

2.2 Non-defining Relative Clauses with Prepositions:
"The house, in which I grew up, has been sold."

2.3 Reduced Relative Clauses:
"Anyone interested in the job should apply now." (Reduced from: "Anyone who is interested...")

2.4 Advanced Noun Clauses
:
"That he was lying was obvious."
"It is important that you be there."


3. INVERSION AND EMPHASIS
3.1. Inversion with Negative Adverbials:
"Never before have I seen such beauty."
"Seldom do we get this kind of opportunity."

3.2 Inversion after "So" and "Such":
"So rare was the event that people came from all over to see it."
"Such was the force of the explosion that windows shattered."

3.3 Cleft Sentences for Emphasis:
It-cleft: "It was John who made the mistake."
What-cleft: "What really bothers me is his attitude."


4. ADVANCED MODAL VERBS AND RELATED STRUCTURES
4.1 Past Modals for Criticism, Regret, and Possibility:
"You should have told me earlier." (Criticism)
"He might have left already." (Possibility)

4.2 Hypothetical Meaning with Modals:
"He would often stay late at the office." (Habitual past)

4.3 Modal Perfect Continuous:
"She might have been working late."


5. COMPLEX CONDITIONALS
5.1 Mixed Conditionals with Inversion:
"Had he known about the meeting, he would have attended."

5.2 Conditionals with Multiple Clauses:
"If it hadn't rained, and if we had left earlier, we would have arrived on time."

5.3 Advanced Uses of "Unless," "Provided that," "As long as":
"You can borrow the car as long as you drive carefully."


6. REPORTED SPEECH
6.1 Advanced Reporting with Modals and Conditionals:
Direct: "I would have helped if I had known."
Reported: "She said she would have helped if she had known."

6.2 Complex Reporting Verbs:
"He denied having stolen the money."
"She suggested that we leave early."

6.3 Reporting with Changing Verb Forms:
"He said he had been planning to go."


7. ADVANCED USE OF PASSIVE VOICE
7.1 Passive Infinitives:
"The work is expected to be finished by tomorrow."

7.2 Passive with Reporting Verbs:
"It is said that he is the best player."
"He is believed to have left the country."

7.3 Complex Passive Structures:
"Having been informed of the news, they decided to cancel the event."


8. ADVANCED SENTENCE STRUCTURES

8.1 Subjunctive Mood:
"I demand that he leave immediately."

8.2 Advanced Conjunctions and Linking Words
:
Contrast: "Nevertheless," "nonetheless," "whereas."
Cause and Effect: "Owing to," "inasmuch as."

8.3 Ellipsis:
"She was happy, and so was I." (Ellipsis of "happy")
"I could have helped, but I didn't." (Ellipsis of "helped")


9. NOMINALIZATION

9.1 Turning Verbs and Adjectives into Nouns for Formality:
"Deciding" becomes "decision": "The decision was made."
"Effective" becomes "effectiveness": "The effectiveness of the plan was questioned."


10. ADVANCED PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
10.1 Phrases for Formal Writing:
"In light of the recent events..."
"In accordance with the guidelines..."

10.2 Idiomatic Prepositional Phrases:
"In terms of," "in favor of," "in relation to."


11. ADVANCED VOCABULARY AND COLLOCATIONS
11.1 Complex Collocations:
"Take into account," "come to terms with," "bring to light."

11.2 Fixed Expressions and Idioms:
"By and large," "to be on the safe side," "to take something for granted."

11.3 Multi-word Verbs with Complex Meanings:
"To put up with," "to come up with," "to get away with."


12. ADVANCED GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
12.1 Gerunds after Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs:
"He is good at playing the piano."
"I look forward to hearing from you."

12.2 Complex Gerund Structures:
"Having finished the project, they went on holiday."

12.3 Infinitives with Passive Meaning:
"This book is interesting to read." (The book provides interest when read)


13. DISCOURSE MARKERS AND COHESIVE DEVICES
13.1 Showing Cause, Contrast, Addition:
"On the contrary," "in addition to," "despite the fact that."

13.2 Sequencing and Structuring Ideas:
"Firstly," "subsequently," "ultimately."

13.3 Summarizing and Concluding:
"In summary," "to conclude," "all things considered."


14. ADVANCED ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB USE
14.1 Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses:
"He is a person whom I can trust."
"As soon as he arrived, the meeting started."

14.2 Comparatives and Superlatives with Emphasis:
"Far more interesting," "by far the best."

14.3 Compound Adjectives and Adverbs:
"Well-known author," "highly-anticipated event."


15. COMPLEX NOUN PHRASES

15.1 Expanded Noun Phrases:
"The recently discovered manuscript" instead of "the manuscript."

15.2 Appositives:
"Mr. Smith, the head of the department, was there."


16. ADVANCED USE OF ARTICLES

16.1 Omission of Articles:
"She was made president." (Omitting "the")

16.2 Generic vs. Specific Reference:
"The tiger is a dangerous animal." vs. "Tigers are dangerous animals."


17. VERB PATTERNS AND STRUCTURES

17.1 Verb + Object + Bare Infinitive:
"She made him leave."

17.2 Verb + Object + Past Participle:
"They had the house painted."


18. SUBORDINATION AND COORDINATION

18.1 Subordinating Conjunctions:
"Although," "even though," "provided that."

18.2 Correlative Conjunctions:
"Not only... but also," "either... or," "neither... nor."


19. ADVANCED CONJUNCTIONS AND CONNECTORS

19.1 Purpose and Reason:
"So that," "in order that."

19.2 Contrast and Concession:
"Even if," "much as."

19.3 Complex Time Expressions:
"By the time," "no sooner... than."


20. SUBJUNCTIVE AND UNREAL USES

20.1 Expressing Wishes and Hypotheticals:
"I wish I were rich."
"Suppose you had won the lottery."

20.2 Expressions of Urgency and Suggestion:
"It is vital that he be informed."


21. ADVANCED REPORT STRUCTURES

21.1 Reporting using Infinitive Structures:
"He is said to be the best in his field."

21.2 Reporting Questions with Complex Tenses:
"She asked what I had been doing."


22. ADVANCED VERB FORMS

22.1 Participial Phrases for Conciseness:
"Walking down the street, he noticed the shop."

22.2 Gerunds as Subjects:
"Reading is his favorite hobby."


23. HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS

23.1 Advanced Conditional Phrases:
"If it were not for his help, we wouldn't have succeeded."

23.2 Expressions for Imaginary Situations:
"If only I had known."


24. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES

24.1 Expressing Contrast with Concessives:
"Much as I like her, I can't agree with her decision."
"However hard he tried, he couldn't succeed."

At the C1 level, learners are expected to have a comprehensive grasp of complex grammar structures and the ability to use them flexibly and effectively in various contexts, both in formal and informal communication.

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