1. Mastery of All Verb Tenses and Aspects
Subtle Nuances in Verb Tenses:
Perfectly differentiate between the subtleties of continuous and simple aspects across all tenses.
Example:
"I have been living" vs. "I have lived."
Advanced Uses of Past Perfect Continuous:
Use it to set the scene or provide background.
Example:
"She had been working there for years before she was promoted."
Future in the Past:
Example:
"I was going to tell you, but I forgot."
Narrative Use of Tenses:
Flexibly use a range of tenses in storytelling, weaving between past simple, past perfect, and past continuous.
Example:
"He had been waiting for hours when she finally arrived."
Subtle Nuances in Verb Tenses:
Perfectly differentiate between the subtleties of continuous and simple aspects across all tenses.
Example:
"I have been living" vs. "I have lived."
Advanced Uses of Past Perfect Continuous:
Use it to set the scene or provide background.
Example:
"She had been working there for years before she was promoted."
Future in the Past:
Example:
"I was going to tell you, but I forgot."
Narrative Use of Tenses:
Flexibly use a range of tenses in storytelling, weaving between past simple, past perfect, and past continuous.
Example:
"He had been waiting for hours when she finally arrived."
2. Complex and Flexible Sentence Structures
Advanced Subordination:
Seamless use of multiple subordinating conjunctions within one sentence.
Example:
"Although he was tired, he continued working because he knew the deadline was approaching."
Complex Relative Clauses:
Mastery over restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses, including those with prepositions.
Example:
"The conference, the importance of which cannot be overstated, was a success."
Inversion in Conditional Sentences:
Example:
"Had it not been for your help, I would have failed."
Ellipsis and Substitution:
Example:
"He speaks French fluently, and his sister does too."
("does" substitutes "speaks French fluently").
Advanced Subordination:
Seamless use of multiple subordinating conjunctions within one sentence.
Example:
"Although he was tired, he continued working because he knew the deadline was approaching."
Complex Relative Clauses:
Mastery over restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses, including those with prepositions.
Example:
"The conference, the importance of which cannot be overstated, was a success."
Inversion in Conditional Sentences:
Example:
"Had it not been for your help, I would have failed."
Ellipsis and Substitution:
Example:
"He speaks French fluently, and his sister does too."
("does" substitutes "speaks French fluently").
3. Subtle Use of Modality
Advanced Modal Perfects:
Express varying degrees of certainty, probability, and regret.
Example:
"She must have missed the bus."
Modal Verbs in Passive Voice:
Example:
"The report should have been completed by now."
Using Modals for Politeness and Formality:
Example:
"Might I suggest another approach?"
Hypothetical and Unreal Uses of Modals:
Example:
"You could have been killed!"
Advanced Modal Perfects:
Express varying degrees of certainty, probability, and regret.
Example:
"She must have missed the bus."
Modal Verbs in Passive Voice:
Example:
"The report should have been completed by now."
Using Modals for Politeness and Formality:
Example:
"Might I suggest another approach?"
Hypothetical and Unreal Uses of Modals:
Example:
"You could have been killed!"
4. Sophisticated Conditionals
Mixed Conditionals with Complex Structures:
Example:
"If he had taken the job, he would be earning a high salary now."
Advanced Conditional Clauses:
Use complex conditional structures such as "If it weren’t for..." and "But for...".
Example:
"But for your advice, I would have made a mistake."
Inversion in Mixed Conditionals:
Example:
"Were it not for his dedication, we wouldn't have succeeded."
Mixed Conditionals with Complex Structures:
Example:
"If he had taken the job, he would be earning a high salary now."
Advanced Conditional Clauses:
Use complex conditional structures such as "If it weren’t for..." and "But for...".
Example:
"But for your advice, I would have made a mistake."
Inversion in Mixed Conditionals:
Example:
"Were it not for his dedication, we wouldn't have succeeded."
5. Nuanced Use of Passive Voice
Complex Passive Constructions:
Example:
"The proposal was being considered when the new information came to light."
Passive Infinitive and Gerund Forms:
Example:
"She dislikes being told what to do."
Complex Causative Constructions:
Example:
"I had the report sent to the client."
Complex Passive Constructions:
Example:
"The proposal was being considered when the new information came to light."
Passive Infinitive and Gerund Forms:
Example:
"She dislikes being told what to do."
Complex Causative Constructions:
Example:
"I had the report sent to the client."
6. Mastery of Reported Speech
Complex Reporting Verbs:
Use verbs like insist, suggest, deny with proper grammatical structures.
Example:
"She insisted that he be present."
Reported Speech with Complex Tenses and Modals:
Example:
"She said she might have been waiting for hours."
Advanced Backshifting:
Handling complex time references.
Example:
"He claimed he would have been there by now if not for the delay."
Complex Reporting Verbs:
Use verbs like insist, suggest, deny with proper grammatical structures.
Example:
"She insisted that he be present."
Reported Speech with Complex Tenses and Modals:
Example:
"She said she might have been waiting for hours."
Advanced Backshifting:
Handling complex time references.
Example:
"He claimed he would have been there by now if not for the delay."
7. Advanced Inversion and Emphasis
Inversion for Dramatic Effect:
Example:
"Little did he know what lay ahead."
Inversion with Adverbials:
Example:
"Scarcely had they finished when the doorbell rang."
Cleft and Pseudo-cleft Sentences:
Example:
"What I need is a break."
Inversion for Dramatic Effect:
Example:
"Little did he know what lay ahead."
Inversion with Adverbials:
Example:
"Scarcely had they finished when the doorbell rang."
Cleft and Pseudo-cleft Sentences:
Example:
"What I need is a break."
8. Advanced Cohesion and Coherence
Discourse Markers and Connectors:
Skillful use of a wide range of discourse markers.
Examples: "nevertheless," "moreover," "on the contrary."
Complex Transitional Phrases:
Examples:
"Taking everything into account,"
"Needless to say."
Advanced Use of Pronouns and Reference:
Using this and that to refer to entire clauses or ideas previously mentioned.
Discourse Markers and Connectors:
Skillful use of a wide range of discourse markers.
Examples: "nevertheless," "moreover," "on the contrary."
Complex Transitional Phrases:
Examples:
"Taking everything into account,"
"Needless to say."
Advanced Use of Pronouns and Reference:
Using this and that to refer to entire clauses or ideas previously mentioned.
9. Sophisticated Use of Nouns and Noun Phrases
Complex Nominalization:
Turning clauses and verbs into nouns to increase formality.
Example:
"The fact that he arrived late was a problem" → "His late arrival was a problem."
Expanded Noun Phrases with Multiple Modifiers:
Example:
"The recently renovated, four-story building in the city center."
Complex Nominalization:
Turning clauses and verbs into nouns to increase formality.
Example:
"The fact that he arrived late was a problem" → "His late arrival was a problem."
Expanded Noun Phrases with Multiple Modifiers:
Example:
"The recently renovated, four-story building in the city center."
10. Subtle Use of Articles and Determiners
Advanced Article Usage:
Nuanced use of definite, indefinite, and zero article.
Examples:
"He went to the hospital" vs. "He went to hospital."
Advanced Use of Quantifiers:
Examples: "A great deal of," "a number of," "few vs. a few," "little vs. a little."
Abstract and Specific Use of Articles:
Examples:
"Music is an art form."
"The music of the 1980s."
Advanced Article Usage:
Nuanced use of definite, indefinite, and zero article.
Examples:
"He went to the hospital" vs. "He went to hospital."
Advanced Use of Quantifiers:
Examples: "A great deal of," "a number of," "few vs. a few," "little vs. a little."
Abstract and Specific Use of Articles:
Examples:
"Music is an art form."
"The music of the 1980s."
11. Advanced Adjective and Adverb Use
Complex Adjective Structures:
Example:
"The man wearing a blue suit."
Advanced Adverbial Clauses and Phrases:
Example:
"Hardly had he entered the room when everyone fell silent."
Focus and Emphasis:
Example:
"She did do her homework."
Complex Adjective Structures:
Example:
"The man wearing a blue suit."
Advanced Adverbial Clauses and Phrases:
Example:
"Hardly had he entered the room when everyone fell silent."
Focus and Emphasis:
Example:
"She did do her homework."
12. Idiomatic Expressions and Colloquial Phrasing
Idioms and Fixed Expressions:
Example:
"It's raining cats and dogs."
Phrasal Verbs with Nuanced Meanings:
Examples: "Put up with," "get away with," "come up with."
Colloquial and Informal Expressions in Context:
Example:
"I'm absolutely knackered."
Idioms and Fixed Expressions:
Example:
"It's raining cats and dogs."
Phrasal Verbs with Nuanced Meanings:
Examples: "Put up with," "get away with," "come up with."
Colloquial and Informal Expressions in Context:
Example:
"I'm absolutely knackered."
13. Subtle Usage of Gerunds and Infinitives
Complex Gerund and Infinitive Structures:
Example:
"He regrets not having told her earlier."
Gerunds and Infinitives with Change in Meaning:
Examples:
"I stopped to smoke."
"I stopped smoking."
Advanced Verb Patterns:
Examples:
"I saw him cross the street."
"I saw him crossing the street."
Complex Gerund and Infinitive Structures:
Example:
"He regrets not having told her earlier."
Gerunds and Infinitives with Change in Meaning:
Examples:
"I stopped to smoke."
"I stopped smoking."
Advanced Verb Patterns:
Examples:
"I saw him cross the street."
"I saw him crossing the street."
14. Advanced Punctuation and Structure
Correct Use of Colons, Semicolons, and Dashes:
Example:
"He brought three things: bread, milk, and cheese."
Advanced Sentence Combining:
Example:
"It was raining; nevertheless, we decided to go for a walk."
Parentheses and Brackets for Additional Information:
Example:
"The results (as you might expect) were surprising."
Correct Use of Colons, Semicolons, and Dashes:
Example:
"He brought three things: bread, milk, and cheese."
Advanced Sentence Combining:
Example:
"It was raining; nevertheless, we decided to go for a walk."
Parentheses and Brackets for Additional Information:
Example:
"The results (as you might expect) were surprising."
15. Complex Use of Conjunctions and Linking Words
Advanced Conjunctions for Contrast and Concession:
Examples: "Notwithstanding," "albeit," "inasmuch as."
Subordinating Conjunctions for Nuanced Relationships:
Examples: "Whereas," "inasmuch as," "provided that."
Cause, Effect, and Condition:
Examples: "Given that," "inasmuch as," "lest."
Advanced Conjunctions for Contrast and Concession:
Examples: "Notwithstanding," "albeit," "inasmuch as."
Subordinating Conjunctions for Nuanced Relationships:
Examples: "Whereas," "inasmuch as," "provided that."
Cause, Effect, and Condition:
Examples: "Given that," "inasmuch as," "lest."
16. Precision in Vocabulary Choice
Advanced Lexical Resource:
Use precise vocabulary and synonyms to avoid repetition.
Example:
"Elated" instead of "very happy."
Nuanced Use of Synonyms and Antonyms:
Examples: "Indispensable" vs. "dispensable."
Advanced Collocations and Word Partnerships:
Examples: "Make a decision," "take into consideration."
Advanced Lexical Resource:
Use precise vocabulary and synonyms to avoid repetition.
Example:
"Elated" instead of "very happy."
Nuanced Use of Synonyms and Antonyms:
Examples: "Indispensable" vs. "dispensable."
Advanced Collocations and Word Partnerships:
Examples: "Make a decision," "take into consideration."
17. Nuanced Use of the Subjunctive Mood
Complex Expressions of Necessity and Urgency:
Example:
"It is essential that she attend the meeting."
Expressions of Suggestion, Demand, and Hypothetical Situations:
Example:
"If only he were here."
Complex Expressions of Necessity and Urgency:
Example:
"It is essential that she attend the meeting."
Expressions of Suggestion, Demand, and Hypothetical Situations:
Example:
"If only he were here."
18. Sophisticated Use of Prepositions
Advanced Prepositional Phrases:
Examples: "In the event of," "in view of," "with regard to."
Nuanced Use of Prepositions with Idiomatic Expressions:
Examples: "By means of," "in terms of," "on behalf of."
Advanced Compound Prepositions:
Examples: "In the light of," "in connection with."
Advanced Prepositional Phrases:
Examples: "In the event of," "in view of," "with regard to."
Nuanced Use of Prepositions with Idiomatic Expressions:
Examples: "By means of," "in terms of," "on behalf of."
Advanced Compound Prepositions:
Examples: "In the light of," "in connection with."
19. Advanced Argumentation and Discourse
Cohesive and Coherent Arguments:
Using advanced grammar to build coherent arguments in both spoken and written English.
Subtle Concessions:
Example:
"While it is true that..., it should also be noted that..."
Balancing Formality and Informality:
Adjusting grammar and vocabulary to suit formal and informal contexts seamlessly.
Cohesive and Coherent Arguments:
Using advanced grammar to build coherent arguments in both spoken and written English.
Subtle Concessions:
Example:
"While it is true that..., it should also be noted that..."
Balancing Formality and Informality:
Adjusting grammar and vocabulary to suit formal and informal contexts seamlessly.
20. Mastery of Stylistic Choices
Rhetorical Devices:
Use of parallelism, anaphora, and rhetorical questions for effect.
Stylistic Variation:
Shifting tone and register appropriately.
Advanced Literary Devices:
Metaphor, irony, hyperbole, and understatement.
Rhetorical Devices:
Use of parallelism, anaphora, and rhetorical questions for effect.
Stylistic Variation:
Shifting tone and register appropriately.
Advanced Literary Devices:
Metaphor, irony, hyperbole, and understatement.
Conclusion
At the C2 level, learners are expected to demonstrate complete command over the language, showing a high degree of flexibility and precision in their grammar use, capable of tailoring their language style to different contexts, audiences, and purposes.
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