1. Advanced Tenses
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Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous
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"She has worked here for ten years." → Focus on completion/result
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"She has been working here for ten years." → Focus on duration/process
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Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect Continuous
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"He had left before I arrived." (completed past action)
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"He had been waiting for an hour when she arrived." (action in progress before another past event)
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Future in the Past
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"I was going to call you, but I forgot."
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"She would come if she had time."
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2. Complex Conditional Sentences
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Mixed Conditionals
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Past condition → present result: "If I had studied harder, I would be more successful now."
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Present condition → past result: "If I were rich, I would have bought that house."
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Inverted Conditionals
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"Were I rich, I would travel the world." (2nd conditional)
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"Had I known, I would have called you." (3rd conditional)
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3. Modals for Speculation and Deduction
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Present Deduction
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"She must be at work." (certainty)
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"He can’t be the thief." (impossibility)
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Past Deduction
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"She must have forgotten." (certainty about the past)
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"He can’t have done it." (impossibility about the past)
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Speculation
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"She might have missed the bus."
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"He could have taken the wrong turn."
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4. Passive Voice
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All Tenses:
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Present Simple: "The report is written."
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Past Simple: "The report was written."
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Future Simple: "The report will be written."
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Present Perfect: "The report has been written."
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Past Perfect: "The report had been written."
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Passive with Modals: "The work can be done by tomorrow." / "The project should have been completed by now."
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Have/Get Something Done: "I had my car repaired." / "She got her hair cut."
5. Causative Structures
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Causative Have/Get
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"I had the house painted."
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"She got her computer fixed."
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6. Reported Speech
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Reporting Verbs: advise, suggest, warn, offer → "He advised me to take the train."
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Changes:
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Direct: "He said, 'I will help you.'" → Reported: "He said that he would help me."
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Direct: "She asked, 'Do you like it?'" → Reported: "She asked if I liked it."
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Direct: "He told me, 'Don’t go!'" → Reported: "He told me not to go."
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With Modal Verbs: "He said, 'I might come.'" → "He said he might come."
7. Relative Clauses
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Defining: "The man who lives next door is a doctor."
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Non-defining: "Paris, which is the capital of France, is beautiful."
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Reduced Clauses:
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"The woman sitting over there is my teacher."
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"The book written by J.K. Rowling is famous."
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8. Complex Sentence Structures
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Linking Words:
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Contrast: however, nevertheless, although
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Reason/Result: as a result, therefore, consequently
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Purpose: in order to, so as to
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Addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition
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Cleft Sentences:
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It-cleft: "It was John who broke the vase."
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What-cleft: "What I need is a cup of coffee."
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9. Gerunds and Infinitives
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Verbs with meaning change:
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"Remember doing" (recall past action) vs. "Remember to do" (don’t forget future action).
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Gerund examples: "I avoid eating junk food."
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Infinitive examples: "I decided to go."
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Complex structures: "She admitted to having been wrong." / "I regret to inform you..."
10. Inversion
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For Emphasis: "Never have I seen such beauty." / "Rarely does he go out."
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In Conditionals: "Had I known, I would have told you." / "Should you need help, let me know."
11. Quantifiers and Determiners
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Advanced Quantifiers: few, a few, little, a little, plenty of, several
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Determiners: each, every, either, neither, both
12. Collocations and Fixed Expressions
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Collocations:
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Verb + Noun: take a risk, make an effort
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Adjective + Noun: strong coffee, heavy rain
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Fixed Expressions: under the weather, at the end of the day
13. Noun Clauses
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As Subjects: "What you said was surprising."
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As Objects: "I don’t know what she wants."
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Reporting beliefs: "He believes that the Earth is flat."
14. Hypothetical Structures
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Wish / If Only
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Present: "I wish I knew the answer."
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Past: "I wish I had gone to the party."
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Future: "I wish it would stop raining."
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For Emphasis: "If only I had more time!"
15. Verb Patterns
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Different meanings:
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"I stopped to eat." (purpose)
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"I stopped eating." (quit activity)
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Object + Infinitive: "I want you to come." / "He told her to wait."
16. Prepositional Phrases
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Advanced Use: in spite of, on behalf of, in terms of
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Phrasal Verbs with multiple meanings:
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"Look up" (search) vs. "Look up to" (admire)
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17. Advanced Conjunctions and Connectors
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Contrast: on the other hand, whereas, while
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Cause/Effect: owing to, due to the fact that
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Purpose: with the aim of, so that
18. Advanced Uses of Articles
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Zero Article: "He goes to school." (institutional)
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Generic Use: "The tiger is an endangered species."
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Specific Use: "A tiger can be dangerous."
19. Expressions with “Would”
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Past Habit: "When I was a child, I would play outside every day."
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Politeness: "Would you like some coffee?"
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Imaginary situations: "I would love to go to Japan."
20. Advanced Modal Verbs
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Past forms: "She could have gone." / "You should have told me."
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Regret/Criticism:
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"You needn’t have worried." (unnecessary)
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"I shouldn’t have said that." (regret)
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21. Emphasis and Clarity
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Fronting: "Scared, he certainly was!"
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Emphatic “do”: "I do understand your concern."
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Emphatic negatives: "Not only did she pass, but she also got top marks."
22. Subjunctive Mood
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Formality:
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"It is essential that he be present."
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"I suggest that she study more."
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23. Verb Tenses in Time Clauses
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Examples:
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"By the time you arrive, I will have finished."
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"As soon as he gets home, we’ll start dinner."
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✅ Extra Suggestions for B2 level learners:
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Complex adverbial clauses (even though, provided that, as long as).
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Nominalisation for academic English (The development of technology has changed society).
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Advanced discourse markers (in contrast, on condition that, despite the fact that).
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